From Almsgiving to Devotion: A Study on the Structure and Function of the Relationship Between Buddhist Monks and Lay Believers

Abstract

 From the perspective of “from almsgiving to devotion,” this paper explores the structural forms and functional operations of the interactive mechanisms between the Buddhist sangha and lay believers. It argues that almsgiving and devotion constitute the core elements of the material and spiritual exchange within the monk-lay relationship, and that this exchange is accompanied by complex tensions involving authority, trust, institutional frameworks, and agency. The article elucidates the religious implications of almsgiving and devotion, examines the structural characteristics of the monk-lay relationship in terms of institutional arrangements, role division, and the mediating role of lay masters, and analyzes its functional mechanisms across economic, social, ideological, and spiritual dimensions. Through an examination of typical case studies from different historical periods, it reveals the bridging and connecting role played by lay masters in the monk-lay relationship at various stages. Finally, from the perspective of modern Humanistic Buddhism, the study reflects on the transformation pathways of the monk-lay relationship and new models of lay participation, offering valuable insights for the theoretical construction and practical exploration of contemporary Buddhist monk-lay relations. The research indicates that, as a crucial link for the survival and propagation of Buddhism, the monk-lay relationship requires a dynamic balance between tradition and modernity.